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''The Four Stages of Cruelty'' is a series of four printed engravings published by English artist William Hogarth in 1751. Each print depicts a different stage in the life of the fictional Tom Nero. Beginning with the torture of a dog as a child in the ''First stage of cruelty'', Nero progresses to beating his horse as a man in the ''Second stage of cruelty'', and then to robbery, seduction, and murder in ''Cruelty in perfection''. Finally, in ''The reward of cruelty'', he receives what Hogarth warns is the inevitable fate of those who start down the path Nero has followed: his body is taken from the gallows after his execution as a murderer and is mutilated by surgeons in the anatomical theatre. The prints were intended as a form of moral instruction; Hogarth was dismayed by the routine acts of cruelty he witnessed on the streets of London. Issued on cheap paper, the prints were destined for the lower classes. The series shows a roughness of execution and a brutality that is untempered by the funny touches common in Hogarth's other works, but which he felt was necessary to impress his message on the intended audience. Nevertheless, the pictures still carry the wealth of detail and subtle references that are characteristic of Hogarth. ==History== In common with other prints by Hogarth, such as ''Beer Street'' and ''Gin Lane'', ''The Four Stages of Cruelty'' was issued as a warning against immoral behaviour, showing the easy path from childish thug to convicted criminal. His aim was to correct "that barbarous treatment of animals, the very sight of which renders the streets of our metropolis so distressing to every feeling mind". Hogarth loved animals, picturing himself with his pug in a self-portrait, and marking the graves of his dogs and birds at his home in Chiswick. Hogarth deliberately portrayed the subjects of the engravings with little subtlety since he meant the prints to be understood by "men of the lowest rank"〔 when seen on the walls of workshops or taverns. The images themselves, as with ''Beer Street'' and ''Gin Lane'', were roughly drawn, lacking the finer lines of some of his other works. Fine engraving and delicate artwork would have rendered the prints too expensive for the intended audience, and Hogarth also believed a bold stroke could portray the passions of the subjects just as well as fine lines, noting that "neither great correctness of drawing or fine engraving were at all necessary".〔Quoted in Uglow, p.506.〕 To ensure that the prints were priced within reach of the intended audience, Hogarth originally commissioned the block-cutter J. Bell to produce the four designs as woodcuts. This proved more expensive than expected, so only the last two of the four images were cut and were not issued commercially at the time.〔 Instead, Hogarth proceeded to create the engravings himself and announced the publication of the prints, along with that of ''Beer Street'' and ''Gin Lane'', in the ''London Evening Post'' over three days from 14–16 February 1751. The prints themselves were published on 21 February 1751 and each was accompanied by a moralising commentary, written by the Rev. James Townley, a friend of Hogarth's.〔 As with earlier engravings, such as ''Industry and Idleness'', individual prints were sold on "ordinary" paper for ''1s.'' (one shilling, equating to about £ in terms), cheap enough to be purchased by the lower classes as a means of moral instruction. "Fine" versions were also available on "superior" paper for ''1s. 6d.'' (one shilling and sixpence, about £ in terms) for collectors.〔 Variations on plates III and IV exist from Bell's original woodcuts, bearing the earlier date of 1 January 1750,〔 and were reprinted in 1790 by John Boydell, but examples from either of the woodcut printings are uncommon.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Four Stages of Cruelty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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